The secular Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch of government came to power after a coup d'état in 1963.
For many years Syria had gone through additional coups with many changes of leadership.
However, in March 1971, Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite, declared himself as President.
The secular Syrian Regional Branch remained a dominant political authority, creating a one-party state, until the first multi-party election to the People's Council of Syria which was held in 2012.
On the 31st of January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which in turn led to a national crisis.
Unlike any previous constitutions, this one allowed a president of Syria to be a None-Muslim, which lead to fierce demonstrations in Hama, Homs and Aleppo.
These were organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama.
The government still managed to survive the series of armed revolts by Islamists, whom mainly consisted of Muslim Brotherhood members, from 1976 to 1982.
Wars are mindless.
After Hafez al-Assad died in 2000, Bashar al-Assad (his son), was elected President of Syria.
Bashar and his wife Asma, a Sunni Muslim born and educated in Britain, initially inspired hope for democratic reforms.
However, according to his critics, Bashar failed to deliver any reforms.
In 2017 president Al-Assad claimed that no moderate opposition to his rule existed, and that all opposition forces were jihadists with intentions of destroying his secular leadership.
In his view terrorist groups operating in Syria were all linked to the agendas of foreign countries.
Human rights in Syria have long been a subject of harsh critique from global organizations.
The rights of free expression, association and assembly were strictly controlled well before the uprising.
The country went under emergency rule from 1963 until 2011 and any public gatherings of more than five people were banned.
Security forces had the power of arrest and detention for any infringements.
By 2000 any hope of democratic change or improvements of human rights by Bashar al-Assad was widely reported to have failed.
The gun rules.
In February 2011 several small demonstrations were held in Syria asking for reform and
demonstrating solidarity with pro-democracy protesters in Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya.
The Syrian security forces contained these demonstrations, and made a number of arrests.
By March the 24th 2011, dozens of protesters were killed by security forces opening fire on a demonstration in Darʿā.
Assad blamed the unrest on foreign conspirators seeking to destabilise Syria.
July 3, 2011.
Syrian tanks and troops are dispatched to Ḥamāh, the security forces raid houses, and arrest suspected dissidents.
The U.S. ambassador shows solidarity with protesters and visits Ḥamāh.
Lives destroyed.
January 2nd, 2013.
The UN estimates 60,000 dead since the beginning of the conflict in 2011.
August 21, 2013.
Pro-Assad forces are accused of chemical weapons attacks in the suburbs of Damascus.
June 30, 2014.
Islamic State (ISIL) declares itself a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its leader.
September 23, 2014
USA and a coalition of Arab countries expand air campaigns against ISIL striking targets in Syria, and Iraq.
May 20, 2015
ISIL takes Palmyra, and demolish precious artifacts and structures.
September 30, 2015
Russia carry out their first air strikes in Syria with total disregard to innocent civilians.
So many innocent people killed, displaced, homeless, and running for their lives.
Orphaned children, with no-one to help them, but the charities.
Those same people are still out there, homeless, desperate, and needing your help.